tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11384015164412008072024-03-05T19:32:26.096+02:00LAI DetectivesMiinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-48189042460555617712013-09-23T17:51:00.003+03:002013-09-23T17:51:34.383+03:00Modelling canopy cover with satellite data<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Great
news: there’s a new <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431161.2013.833361" target="_blank">canopy cover article</a> online!</span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I’ve
tested plenty of different methods for estimating canopy cover, but the test
with satellite images that was supposed be part of my doctoral thesis was
delayed and delayed. I guess that I was still busy with other things on the day
when Janne sent me an excel file with the SPOT 5 reflectances from our Hyytiälä
sample plots. Out of curiosity, I calculated the RSR spectral index from the
reflectances and plotted the values against the lidar-based canopy cover
estimates that I had. Surprisingly, it was a really beautiful exponential
curve! The earlier results that I had seen from the boreal zone were not nearly
as impressive. I think that the reason for the very good accuracy was that we
used lidar-based canopy cover estimates instead of quickly measured, inaccurate
field values.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1byanFHhyphenhyphenB8lbEMO3pl8Fc33pSSfG44itSzA5ps1A9QsU8Fuunfs-Zt0XpeiuiJcK04NJe_qzDuNlOIrwQvicYtojZYRjNAMeAIsM4xfn3MrKMfvk_j-QFFjgZ8OAq3c8A6ggpmKIg5w/s1600/expcurve.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1byanFHhyphenhyphenB8lbEMO3pl8Fc33pSSfG44itSzA5ps1A9QsU8Fuunfs-Zt0XpeiuiJcK04NJe_qzDuNlOIrwQvicYtojZYRjNAMeAIsM4xfn3MrKMfvk_j-QFFjgZ8OAq3c8A6ggpmKIg5w/s320/expcurve.png" width="320" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">So nice!</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It still
took more than a year until I finally started writing the paper last winter in
Norway. I tried to keep things simple – one problem, one data set for modelling
and another for validation, and two spectral indices to compare. After some
reviews, the paper was accepted quicker than I thought. It is always nice when
you can keep things simple, but unfortunately all of our problems are not as easy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkE1mW1XGW-h1jQU56Cf81Hx-HgHJsyrmPnAYQ0AL_uFOfbmRWfIUbRW41OiKxfgpH8dCs9h-AJJHWeO6jskIw02PlAYW7E1YPjn1M7ospkuoTF-eR9CChPrcgdBHsKJ2RJvKelduxh8/s1600/spot5_hyde.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkE1mW1XGW-h1jQU56Cf81Hx-HgHJsyrmPnAYQ0AL_uFOfbmRWfIUbRW41OiKxfgpH8dCs9h-AJJHWeO6jskIw02PlAYW7E1YPjn1M7ospkuoTF-eR9CChPrcgdBHsKJ2RJvKelduxh8/s400/spot5_hyde.png" width="270" /></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hyytiälä from satellite</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-44166784668161398462013-08-03T13:24:00.002+03:002013-08-03T13:26:47.548+03:00Crown volume estimation <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It’s
been a long time since my previous post. Meanwhile I have been </span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mostly</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">working with non-canopy problems, especially lidar-based forest inventory. I’ve also
had some teaching and supervision responsibilities, and a six-month visit to
<a href="http://www.forestinventory.no/">Norwegian University of Life Sciences</a>, where I (for a change) had plenty of
time for research. Thus I finally got out the first paper based on our <a href="http://laidetectives.blogspot.com/2011/06/new-challenges.html">2011 field campaign</a>: crown volume estimation using airborne lidar data. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
roots of this study go back to 2005 when I collected data for my master’s
thesis at Metla’s Suonenjoki research station. Pola and Miina had employed
three students to work there, and one of us, Sanna, made some curious
measurements using an instrument called angle measurer (a.k.a. “miinaharava”). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a T-shaped stick that can be used to measure
crown widths at different heights, enabling estimation of vertical canopy
profiles and crown volume. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The data was
needed for developing spectral reflectance models – some papers have been published
in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192304002205">AFM</a> and <a href="http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/full/sf42/sf421019.pdf">Silva Fennica</a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcddjM3-e-TpHY3RTBZx_LaC5mwsOCKjKJ7PTliLvZ6kUiT_ERHtTqpAhQP3p2CnI_awJtt-4qdWPz2NiC-kft76aHys-Ul0tYPtLiC2K7cu12GuvL2akNbiCEF6ixSiYlU6lEnCsjK8o/s1600/miinaharava.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcddjM3-e-TpHY3RTBZx_LaC5mwsOCKjKJ7PTliLvZ6kUiT_ERHtTqpAhQP3p2CnI_awJtt-4qdWPz2NiC-kft76aHys-Ul0tYPtLiC2K7cu12GuvL2akNbiCEF6ixSiYlU6lEnCsjK8o/s320/miinaharava.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The angle measurer </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYMOnCmHkVBfdtFTwQl6_YUcOoxSpOIcetArofXB5fPap07mYKB-CRxAWKI4BXYzKF6Ei-wO2-qiOPsK_ppK9RvGsFw9O3ETERCCZT4eI-Cm9l45YHAm4HLLhcW3XiRQB855Jr8fcW6c/s1600/treeprofile.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYMOnCmHkVBfdtFTwQl6_YUcOoxSpOIcetArofXB5fPap07mYKB-CRxAWKI4BXYzKF6Ei-wO2-qiOPsK_ppK9RvGsFw9O3ETERCCZT4eI-Cm9l45YHAm4HLLhcW3XiRQB855Jr8fcW6c/s320/treeprofile.png" width="208" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Example of a crown profile.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sanna’s
work came back to my mind later when I learned what a colleague of mine at
the UEF, <a href="https://tuhat.halvi.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/jpvauhko">Jari Vauhkonen</a>, was studying. Jari worked with detecting individual
tree crowns from airborne lidar data, and was the first person to test the <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/2009/00000055/00000001/art00004">alpha shape method</a> in the prediction of tree attributes. Alpha shapes are a method that
can be used to combine a set of 3D points into one geometrical shape, which is
defined by the alpha parameter. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The volume of the shape can be calculated
based on the triangulation of its individual points (=lidar echoes). Thus, when
the echoes represent a tree crown, its volume can be estimated automatically. Our
idea was to validate these estimates using the angle measurer.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thus Juha
and Laura measured the crown volumes of 89 trees during the 2011 field
campaign. 77 of these trees were detected from the lidar data and used in the
analysis. The echo segmentation phase was somewhat laborious, as my automated
algorithm did not always delineate the tree perfectly and plenty of manual work was needed
to remove this error source (and actually this had to be done several times
because of some personal blunders and errors in the lidar data preprocessing).
Based on the delineated echoes, Jari calculated the crown volumes and we simply
plotted them against field-measured values. The results showed that the
lidar-based volumes were clearly smaller than field values, mainly because
there were not enough echoes from the lower part of the crown. Yet the results
were better than those obtained using a general model for the crown dimensions and assuming
an ellipsoidal crown shape. Full paper can be read <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.817715">here</a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This simple experiment is anyway a step into a direction that is very
interesting to me – using features derived directly from the lidar point cloud
instead of predictions based on forestry databases. Most of the existing
theoretical forest models use traditional forest attributes such as tree density,
height, and basal area, which are increasingly estimated using lidar, so why
not directly use lidar point cloud features instead? One problem is that the
lidar features can be sensitive to scanner settings. Nevertheless, in my opinion more
this kind of investigations should be made in the near future.</span></div>
</div>
Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-61731671631059016432013-05-06T13:46:00.000+03:002013-05-06T13:46:10.980+03:00Needle work<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We have
been lacking a spectral database on boreal tree species for a long time. Most
data available have been measured for North American species or for ‘mats of
needles’ i.e. not for single needles. Another problem has been that the
previous spectral databases lack a detailed description of the structural and
biochemical properties of the tree leaves and needles needed in many
ecophysiological applications. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOQ2vT0GkvZElpW7LQlYvQXoC51rtHXj6KRNszowpt_xeW2O5syBDKtM5bSjGedIYPIANDXYr5SWXibdpGqDhFzRIag0p2nj19cEWcEcc7qZnlYZceLTQV7b8h3R7H2VdMT2GNF6Ydg0/s1600/DSC_0057.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOQ2vT0GkvZElpW7LQlYvQXoC51rtHXj6KRNszowpt_xeW2O5syBDKtM5bSjGedIYPIANDXYr5SWXibdpGqDhFzRIag0p2nj19cEWcEcc7qZnlYZceLTQV7b8h3R7H2VdMT2GNF6Ydg0/s320/DSC_0057.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8iUW3tRW66ArYp3_EpPxp6mF3Y-Dbw7olxd1JGcVnlRsPlBWKt1JoF754SSBdDIpPjDarPxcJlpMSqjgU7LSDX0pXtvNO5jm2h3FcpkD3Mm3O_kqM8O9AqZvd4QXs-PaTjKhNAWD7mw/s1600/DSC_0222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8iUW3tRW66ArYp3_EpPxp6mF3Y-Dbw7olxd1JGcVnlRsPlBWKt1JoF754SSBdDIpPjDarPxcJlpMSqjgU7LSDX0pXtvNO5jm2h3FcpkD3Mm3O_kqM8O9AqZvd4QXs-PaTjKhNAWD7mw/s320/DSC_0222.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><i> Collecting samples in the forest with 16-meter long scissors.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, to fill the large gap in our knowledge, Petr et al. toiled in Hyytiälä </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">last
summer </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">for several weeks measuring the optical
properties of the most common (and nearly only..) tree species in Finland:
Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver birch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Measuring the reflectance and transmittance of
single needles is really tough due to their small size and twisted shape. There
are no commercial gear available and in-house solutions have to be developed
for holding the small samples. The task was further complicated by our
ambitious plans: we wanted (whenever possible) to measure separate the adaxial
and abaxial sides of the foliage elements and both for shaded and sunlit crown
positions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yes, it
does take a lot of patience and a peaceful lab environment to prepare the
samples for the spectroradiometer (and other) measurements. Another challenge
was acting very quickly: the needles are, after all, alive and their spectra
may begin to change if they have been detached from the branch for a long time.
Quick fingers (accustomed to needle work or playing a musical instrument) were
definitely an asset in operating the tweezers. Bare fingers were not, of
course, allowed to touch the samples and contaminate them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcKzps5yZQlP_-LrNl_Bcy0-yKjeRxMsyPduUqbmtLEGNDBHttPt6kHr3ALtnlezAhsH3U3UzLTi-lgezU9pizPj_dr4yk0SZNJxfk_uCsGwpQLDhGppozwfeYcSwASDv6FLFRccPKvg/s1600/DSC_0081.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcKzps5yZQlP_-LrNl_Bcy0-yKjeRxMsyPduUqbmtLEGNDBHttPt6kHr3ALtnlezAhsH3U3UzLTi-lgezU9pizPj_dr4yk0SZNJxfk_uCsGwpQLDhGppozwfeYcSwASDv6FLFRccPKvg/s320/DSC_0081.JPG" width="320" /></a><i> </i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Detaching young and very soft spruce needles for spectral measurements.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The hard
work paid off, and we are now proud to present a carefully measured data set on
the reflectance and transmittance spectra of needles and leaves of boreal tree
species. And just a couple of weeks ago, the paper presenting the data was
published! The data are now freely available and can be downloaded from the
<a href="http://www.specchio.ch/" target="_blank">SPECCHIO database</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For more
info, see Petr’s paper: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Lukeš, P., Stenberg, P., Rautiainen, M., Mõttus, M. &
Vanhatalo, K.M. 2013. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Optical
properties of leaves and needles for boreal tree species in Europe. Remote
Sensing Letters, 4(7): 667-676.</span></i></div>
Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-91200812891087745142013-01-29T11:15:00.000+02:002013-01-29T11:15:49.582+02:00How to estimate LAI in boreal forests?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How should we estimate
leaf area index for a stand in a boreal forest? How much do the different
LAI estimation methods actually differ? These are questions I’m often asked
when people working in other fields need a quick way to get LAI for their study sites.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In an effort to tackle
these questions, we pooled together our LAI data for nearly 700 stands measured
during the past decade and compared a range of methods such as allometric equations,
LAI-2000 measurements and inversion of a canopy radiation model. Even though we
did not have the so-called true LAI (from destructive sampling) for these
stands, we were still able to get an idea of how the different methods perform.
Many ecosystem or growth models need LAI as an input variable, and therefore it
is crucial to understand how using LAI data from different sources can affect
the modeling results.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuSNuRAqHvJFSNne1DzO66x71HdoAzT37W0941tDN1U9e4ciUQdu0abNN0KN9mY2jz7_bZqhudbVCyKt-Inr_fP3jm4VtgKI5fk254cKZdSYddX3bDFF7fgrHcE5vUjfBfMfPVQX9Kp3I/s1600/calibration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuSNuRAqHvJFSNne1DzO66x71HdoAzT37W0941tDN1U9e4ciUQdu0abNN0KN9mY2jz7_bZqhudbVCyKt-Inr_fP3jm4VtgKI5fk254cKZdSYddX3bDFF7fgrHcE5vUjfBfMfPVQX9Kp3I/s320/calibration.jpg" width="294" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i> Intercalibrating LAI-2000 units in an open area before making measurements in the forest.</i></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZrIOq-Yl-i8KcGmdaFjrNR7-HuxZld15wQSA2x6ATHXT6iqASxySddMjDR_SaUJK0Kxwaf3fFkBIet9Pj6qr7EilkEdigyysvL2S7qU0-JVXULlfyatgFoWqClW-ZwQHNUwmj48wyYM/s1600/titta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZrIOq-Yl-i8KcGmdaFjrNR7-HuxZld15wQSA2x6ATHXT6iqASxySddMjDR_SaUJK0Kxwaf3fFkBIet9Pj6qr7EilkEdigyysvL2S7qU0-JVXULlfyatgFoWqClW-ZwQHNUwmj48wyYM/s320/titta.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><i> Titta measuring the LAI of a Scots pine stand using the LAI-2000 PCA instrument.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Which LAI estimation
method should you use then? There is no simple, straight-forward
recommendation; the optimal LAI estimation method depends on the spatial and
temporal extent of the monitoring activity you will be doing. The optical LAI
estimation methods are usually superior if your research focus is on seasonal
or abrupt changes (e.g. defoliation or insect outbreaks) in foliage mass. In addition,
optical measurements are relatively fast, inexpensive and less laborious than conventional
forest inventories – if you have a camera with a hemispherical lens or an
LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer at hand and are familiar with the theory behind
them. For large area applications (such as regional or national LAI maps) a
more suitable ground reference method is to use allometric equations based forestry
databases. However, allometric equations cannot (currently) predict the
seasonal development of LAI in a forest. They will only provide you with the
peak growing season LAI which corresponds to the maximum foliage mass in a
forest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For more quantitative information,
check out Titta’ s new paper: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Majasalmi, T., Rautiainen, M., Stenberg, P. & Lukes, P. 2013. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An assessment of ground reference methods for
estimating LAI of boreal forests. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forest Ecology and Management, 292:
10-18.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-5498618119539661622012-12-08T08:36:00.000+02:002012-12-08T08:36:22.649+02:00Tiedote: Kasvillisuuden kartoitus avaruudesta käsin muuttuu tarkemmaksi (in Finnish)<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tuoreessa kansainvälisessä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin uusi menetelmä maailmanlaajuiseen metsien kartoitukseen satelliittikuvien avulla.
Menetelmä huomioi entistä tarkemmin metsien rakenteen vaikutuksen
satelliittien mittaamaan metsien heijastukseen. Tutkimus julkaistaan joulukuun alussa yhdessä maailman arvovaltaisimmista tieteellisistä julkaisusarjoista, Yhdysvaltain tiedeakatemian lehdessä (Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, PNAS).
Helsingin yliopiston tutkijat ovat olleet keskeisessä roolissa tutkimuksen
suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa.<br />
<br />
Tutkimus kumoaa myös vallalla olleen käsityksen siitä, että kasvillisuudessa oleva typpi vaikuttaisi kasvillisuuden heijastamaan auringonsäteilyyn ja sitä kautta maapallon ilmastoon. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että tämä väite perustui aineistojen virheelliseen tulkintaan.<br />
<br />
-Uudet tulokset sen sijaan osoittavat, että metsän lajikoostumus ja latvusrakenne määräävät heijastuneen säteilyn suuruuden, tarkentaa
tutkimuksessa mukana ollut Helsingin yliopiston metsänarvioimistieteen
professori Pauline Stenberg.<br />
<br />
Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin kasvillisuuden heijastamaa lyhytaaltoista
säteilyä lauhkealla ja havumetsävyöhykkeellä.<br />
<br />
-Metsän heijastama säteily riippui selvästi siitä, kuinka paljon lehti-
tai havupuita alueella kasvoi. Lehtimetsät heijastivat huomattavasti
enemmän kuin havumetsät, selittää akatemiatutkija Miina Rautiainen
Helsingin yliopiston metsätieteiden laitokselta.<br />
<br />
-Tuloksillamme on merkittävä rooli uusien hyperspektristen satelliittimissioiden suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa Yhdysvalloissa ja Euroopassa, kertoo Helsingin yliopiston kaukokartoituksen dosentti Matti Mõttus.<br />
<br />
Tulevan vuosikymmenen aikana on tarkoitus laukaista useita uusia satelliitteja, joissa on maapallon kasvillisuuden tilaa seuraavia hyperspektrisiä mittalaitteita. Näiden mittalaitteiden tuottamien
aineistojen tulkintaan tarvitaan laskentamenetelmiä, joita on julkaistu tässä artikkelissa.<br />
<br />
<br />
Artikkeli on luettavissa verkossa: <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/12/03/1210196109" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/12/03/1210196109</a>). Artikkeli on syntynyt Bostonin yliopiston ja Helsingin yliopiston yhteisen, NASA:n rahoittaman tutkimusprojektin puitteissa.</div>
Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-13069368019394651082012-12-08T08:28:00.000+02:002012-12-08T08:28:33.538+02:00A Paper in PNAS - Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Foliar Nitrogen ContentOur paper on remote sensing of foliar nitrogen was published in the highly esteemed 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America' (PNAS) on December 4th. We were lucky to celebrate it with many of the co-authors who were with us at the AGU fall meeting in San Francisco. For those interested in what all this is about, please read our paper. It is available online:<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/12/03/1210196109" target="_blank"> http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/12/03/1210196109</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQScKdjTyTht8baxQ84npgW42dqSeLR4QAGqR-z6PYAgQvLu3tkeU8DTCaG3ZQl5QmhDXGyqQP8HmZhKswC5ztnROFTIbWva9RyCmby-7ckdtQmMPIoQOJ16TeSOSfeQ6pMbPDbLsXrM/s1600/jknjazi-hyperspec-ncontent.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQScKdjTyTht8baxQ84npgW42dqSeLR4QAGqR-z6PYAgQvLu3tkeU8DTCaG3ZQl5QmhDXGyqQP8HmZhKswC5ztnROFTIbWva9RyCmby-7ckdtQmMPIoQOJ16TeSOSfeQ6pMbPDbLsXrM/s400/jknjazi-hyperspec-ncontent.png" width="400" /></a></div>
Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-10646853421175251422012-02-24T17:14:00.008+02:002012-02-24T17:21:17.108+02:00Physically based optical remote sensing: a teaching perspective<div align="justify">My current vacancy at the UEF is "university researcher", but "lecturer" would be more correct as far as early 2012 is concerned. At the moment, I'm running course "advanced remote sensing", which has a strong focus on laser scanning but also other topics such as satellite images, radars and photogrammetry are covered. Visiting experts give most of the lectures, and my job mostly consists of supervising the students in computer labs.<br /><br />Last week dealt with a topic that was especially important to me: physically based optical remote sensing. In previous years, the physical approach was covered in two lectures, but I wanted to emphasize this part more - after all, the University of Helsinki has an entire course on it (thanks to LAIDetectives!). So first I gave an introductory lecture where the basic concepts from irradiance to LAI were discussed. In the following computer lab, the students analyzed a set of hemispherical canopy images and had to consider different uncertainties of the process.<br /><br />The highlight of the week was certainly the two lectures given by Miina. The topics included different reflectance model types, global monitoring with MODIS, and finally an introduction to PARAS reflectance model. We restricted the amount of equations on purpose - when the audience consists of forestry students, either the math has to be simple, or plenty of time must be reserved for explaining it. Miina's part ended with a detailed derivation of the PARAS model equation on the whiteboard, so everyone who followed certainly got the main idea!<br /><br />The physical week ended with a PARAS exercise, where the students used the model to simulate the spectra of two forest stands in Sodankylä with different types of ground reflectance. Finally, the results were compared with BRFs obtained from SPOT satellite. The level of difficulty was OK: first the students really had to study the model equation and see what it means, but finally everyone figured it out and got the exercise done in the given time. Hopefully they now have an understanding why the digital numbers of the forest pixels in a satellite image are what they are - I'll see that soon in the exam!<br /></div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-28784650588309179362011-12-22T16:49:00.006+02:002011-12-22T16:54:57.962+02:00Looking back<div align="justify">This year has indeed been interesting. The thesis defence was certainly a highlight, but when it comes to personal development, teaching was the most important new challenge I faced. I started by teaching the basics of forest mensuration to our first year students in January. This information was then applied to practice as I was the assistant teacher at our forest mensuration field course. In the autumn, I continued by teaching the same bunch of students the basics of remote sensing. Congratulations to all of you who made it through! Hopefully some became interested in the forest inventory issues: for a teacher that would be the best recognition. Often the students seem to be overwhelmed by the technical stuff that is required in these courses, so few want to study it further.<br /><br />Research was thus less in focus this year. Most of the time I spent dealing with lidar-based inventory of seedling stands; some working papers have already been delivered and a scientific article will follow later. In the field of canopy research my only output was to organize a new field campaign in Hyytiälä and participate in Ilkka's new field photogrammetry experiment. Now we have some quite unique new data sets; hopefully next year will bring time to squeeze everything out of them. However, before that there is some more (international) teaching to be done...<br /><br />Happy holidays!<br /></div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-60861441013810225202011-10-27T16:00:00.007+03:002011-10-27T16:14:05.746+03:00Two months in Switzerland<div align="justify">Research visits are an important part of my term as Academy of Finland Research Fellow. This year, my bodyguard and I spent February and March visiting the University of Zurich in Switzerland. My original plan for the visit had been to learn about the various activities going on at the <a href="http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/rsl">Remote Sensing Laboratories</a> and to see if there would be opportunities for future collaboration.<br /><br />After a couple of days in Zurich the visit took new course -- active collaboration started immediately! The spectroscopy laboratories (especially the goniometerlab) were something we can only dream of in Helsinki, and my host, Michael, kindly offered us the opportunity to use the labs and to have help from a skilled technician. The offer was very tempting, and in a few days, a plan for an experiment was drawn together. We decided to develop a method for measuring the spectral albedo of coniferous shoots -- something that has not been reported in scientific literature prior to this. In collaboration with RSL's needle optics team, we were also able to measure needle spectral albedo for our study shoots. In addition, we did a detailed structural analysis of the shoots.<br /><br />This all sounds very simple in a blog. But it wasn't! Just setting up the lab for measuring shoot albedo took us three weeks of intensive planning in a dark laboratory room. The measurements were another story -- we ended up working close to 10 hours per day in the lab and spending a couple of more hours per day preanalyzing the data. Didn't see much sunlight during those days...<br /><br />The intensive period did pay off: we are now proud to present results from a unique study on the spectral properties of Scots pine shoots. We now have an idea of how needle spectral albedo scales up to shoot spectral albedo, what the scattering phase function of coniferous shoots looks like and how it affects canopy reflectance (and remote sensing of forests!).<br /><br />Two papers presenting the results from our experiment have been accepted for publication during the past week. You can all enjoy them (soon online):<br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:85%;">Rautiainen, M., Mõttus, M., Yáñez-Rausell, L., Homolová, L., Malenovský, Z. & Schaepman, M. 2011. A note on upscaling coniferous needle spectra to shoot spectral albedo. Remote Sensing of Environment, in press.<br /><br />Mõttus, M., Rautiainen, M. & Schaepman, M. 2011. Shoot scattering phase function for<br />Scots pine and its effect on canopy reflectance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, in press.</span> </em><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><div align="justify"><em></em></div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5668158424732718818" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhON5eIYxITCMGV8yUFwjqllJZBq4JSaBnk5RL06GycBOrY3y7EUVR6boyIm1UmcLthkEEcZeRnjUGtTjO7Er63iarCOkMHmOoEF9jpjBYdfQNpSM59agtChLOppBlFYouu2tqiul-Lgzo/s320/IMG_4704.jpg" border="0" /><br /><br /><br /><div align="justify"><em></em></div><br /><div align="center"><em>(And this is what Switzerland looked like when we were not in the lab. )</em></div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-87610191183338477902011-06-23T13:53:00.018+03:002011-06-23T14:16:41.869+03:00New challenges<div align="justify">My thesis project was finally finished a month ago and now it is time to think of something new. May was really busy, because I had three projects going on simultaneously: preparing for final exams needed for PhD, planning the field campaign scheduled to start in June, and the seedling stand inventory project, for which I mainly work at the moment.<br /><br />The seedling-laser project is aimed at predicting the seedling stand management need directly from laser data and aerial images. An expert forester determined management need categories (urgent / five years / no need) for each of 238 sample plots in our data. The problem is to make the supervised classification work so that this training data could be used to predict the management need for new stands. Basically, we need to determine which remotely sensed features provide the best class separability, and which analysis methods or models work the best. This is quite difficult, as the classes are defined subjectively and overlap heavily. Nevertheless, it seems to be possible to detect at least the recently managed stands, as well as the stands where conifer seedlings are heavily shadowed by rapidly growing deciduous species.</div><div align="justify"><br />From the LAI Detectives' viewpoint, the <a href="http://www.uef.fi/toplaser">Toplaser</a>-project field measurements are more interesting, as they are a direct continuation for my earlier work with canopy measurements. Two students are working at Hyytiälä for two months - apparently I've become too well educated to work in the field for longer periods... First, they rephotograph the 2008 hemispherical image plots that has already been used in two papers by <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.011">me</a> and <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.03.005">Janne</a>. They also make tree level crown shape and transparency measurements. This data should be very useful for studying the canopy structure with full-waveform LiDAR data. There will be plenty of calculations and analysis next winter! </div><div align="center"><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJ4PlslFSdX9LBIhFQxJl0uyM_QRVWcxlfRoDSqGJsfWWoY7LB7UeDknbbhjWWe_XHxMsepJ4LuYc1pi7L6ctc_ucnQtIJq07qQZHNiok6f8XSS0ck75YtrtLkRHqCwueEZG12Vl9KOw/s400/juha_measuring_crown+shape.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621368280530723026" /></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Juha measures crown shape</span></div><div align="justify"><br />In addition, during the week I spent supervising the workers at Hyytiälä, I helped Ilkka to establish a special close-range photogrammetry experiment in the forest. We placed some calibration targets high into the canopy, measured their coordinates with a tacheometer, and took photos of them from carefully located image points. This should enable us to visualize the LiDAR waveforms in the images, like in this experimental photo where you can see the waveforms of some LiDAR pulses from the building and ground. Extremely interesting!</div><div align="center"><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 318px; height: 314px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNfTT7r_KZ2Udi3XGybG3DF9Nfr9Ahg3_Y7Q_ASRfbG7Ou9qIweESKCR4Uu6LFeqGHa_3j3iPLEPljmrLqpwwESRz4y5QMPodU64_ftM1RVvzF6ibljQIdqnbK5D0bsneWYiv6sghvPgY/s400/Waveforms_And_Lauri_Korhonen.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621367049705702546" /></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Intensity peaks at ground and roof edge</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><div align="center"> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 266px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSYcaj29Vd793xA8thyIY4fYzClPh87q2hhbSbSUMBsVL3UoQttX3ykhu8p_eD5Wg2suUepFkmUkfeHqvrMrxeaDz1xGnONnv_tSLBSTFk30MFnz3N_x8UX-mwazoFtU-kHdtvaE68PA/s400/targets.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621371586685399650" /></div><div align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Calibration targets in up in the trees</span></div><div align="justify"><br />Before my vacation starts in the middle of June, there's also some teaching in sight. I'll work as an assistant teacher in the field course for the UEF first-year forestry students at Mekrijärvi research station. The course is quite the same as it was back in 2002 when I passed it myself: students learn to use relascopes, calipers, hypsometers etc. It is interesting to see how the students are able to apply the theory taught in the winter in a real forest.<br /><br />Have a nice summer!<br /></div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-12634281477485406722011-04-26T14:38:00.009+03:002011-04-26T14:44:26.039+03:00Aftermath<div align="justify">My thesis defence went quite well. I think that everyone is quite nervous before such an event, and I was not an exception. Of course I tried to prepare myself by reading the book through once more, but as the April 15th got closer I found that the best thing to be done was not to think about it too much. It also helped that my opponent, Dr. Varjo kindly told me in advance that anything nasty would not be coming up, and pointed out some technical details that I should be aware of.<br /><br />The actual defence started with my (short) speech and the following two-hour discussion was most of the time quite general. At least I thought that it was quite interesting also for the audience. More than 40 people were present, which was actually one of the largest audiences I've seen in these events. The feedback that I got was mostly positive although there were of course some things that I could have done better. Dr. Varjo had one particularly interesting "academic" question - if the top of the tree is broken so that there are leaves around the stem but not above it, does the stem create a gap in the canopy? Now that I've had time to think of it, I'd say that the stem should be considered as a within-crown gap, i.e. it doesn't belong to the canopy, but as it is inside the "crown envelope", it should still be included in the measured canopy cover.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZL0aonHIn8pImvZYl4OphJPDlFEgBLKL0o-XK8ktz4cKPmnQck1hiK-WUNsuMALd425F0vQiiHgrU8XjkaV-JtYVrs85iLyAq3v_m7yoyxyPovsTGR2afC9g8fLdEQwSMhHIQKKLBbw/s1600/varjo_maltamo_korhonen.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZL0aonHIn8pImvZYl4OphJPDlFEgBLKL0o-XK8ktz4cKPmnQck1hiK-WUNsuMALd425F0vQiiHgrU8XjkaV-JtYVrs85iLyAq3v_m7yoyxyPovsTGR2afC9g8fLdEQwSMhHIQKKLBbw/s400/varjo_maltamo_korhonen.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599855888891582786" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRo5fooRVU0wmfo6kj7uO6E_fwLBpSh9ro000BIZJ3-j1Z4uRGko2CTd5yggSCPE6SqVTuInkD2q1WAaQ-svt4SlFPMiCnf3wVXT9CVsdjt8_hOrrcBd_9EmIpq-W71Sy2DjoJeFFvmVY/s1600/korhonen.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRo5fooRVU0wmfo6kj7uO6E_fwLBpSh9ro000BIZJ3-j1Z4uRGko2CTd5yggSCPE6SqVTuInkD2q1WAaQ-svt4SlFPMiCnf3wVXT9CVsdjt8_hOrrcBd_9EmIpq-W71Sy2DjoJeFFvmVY/s400/korhonen.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599856054462566514" /></a><br /><br />After the actual ceremony and congratulations, coffee and cake were offered to everyone who had patience to stay there until the end. The post-doctoral party with all the speeches and acknowledgements followed later in the evening, and next day there was another party to friends and relatives. Thanks to everyone that participated! <br /><br />On Monday, I returned to my office and started to prepare for the final exams that I should pass before getting the diploma. Somehow the exams felt insignificant compared to everything that I had to do during the previous weeks. But now after a short holiday staying focused is hopefully easier...</div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-40804808299632465442011-04-04T12:29:00.009+03:002011-04-04T12:40:15.243+03:00Arrangements<div align="justify">My thesis project is getting close to its culmination. The date of the public defence was agreed already in January with my opponent, <a href="http://www.metla.fi/pp/JVar/index-en.htm">Dr. Jari Varjo</a> from the Finnish Forest Research Institute. Since the (positive) pre-examiner comments arrived three weeks ago and the faculty board granted me a permission to print the thesis, there have been plenty of things to arrange. Before the editor of Dissertationes Forestales could accept the manuscript, the style had to be exactly as the instructions said. The book had to be printed ten days before the defence, and I was very happy when Kopijyvä could arrange the printing very quickly, and I could send the books forward eight days after the first contact with printers. <a href="http://www.metla.fi/dissertationes/df115.htm">Electronic version</a> is also now online. In addition, I have this far prepared the post-doctoral party, written a press release and visited a photographer. A few things still remain, such as delivering the book to the Rector, writing the "lectio praecursoria", and finally, renting a dress coat for the big day. The preceding week will be devoted to going through everything once more in order to be ready for the examination.<br /><br />I welcome everyone to follow the debate in the auditorium BOR100 of the University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu, on 15th April 2011, at 12 o’clock noon!</div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-84844776305512712842011-03-27T21:20:00.006+03:002011-03-27T21:31:31.002+03:00Laser work<div align="justify">The last sub-study of my thesis project, dealing with canopy cover estimation using airborne laser scanning, was finally published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.011">RSE</a>. This one was by far the most laborious of the five papers that belong to my dissertation. The first four were nice and compact studies concerned with clearly defined problems. But the last one became a mammoth with four variables of interest, seven different data sets, and several techniques that were tested. This is a story of how it evolved.<br /><br />From the very beginning it was obvious that laser scanning had potential to provide very detailed canopy cover measurements. Laser-based cover indices had been shown to have a high correlation with cover estimates derived from hemispherical images, but how would it perform when compared with Cajanus tube measurements? Both methods provide a large number of binary canopy/open samples from the area of interest, with the difference that laser pulses are not usually exactly vertical.<br /><br />The field work for this study started already in the spring of 2006 at the <a href="http://www.luontoon.fi/page.asp?Section=6834">Koli national park</a>, which had been scanned previous summer. Looking back now, this one was one of the best field campaigns I’ve had – sunny days, no mosquitoes, beautiful lake views from the hills and good company made the time there enjoyable, despite the rather primitive accommodation...<br /><br />When the Koli campaign was finished, it actually took me more than two years until I finally got the first results out! There were just so many other research papers to be written. In addition, 30 plots from Koli were not quite enough. Summer 2008 saw the continuation measurements take place at the Hyytiälä research station. I came to contact with <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~korpela/">Dr. Ilkka Korpela</a>, who already had several laser data sets with basic field measurements from Hyytiälä. I measured canopy cover at 22 plots, and an additional LAI data set by hemispherical photography. Plenty of work, but I was quite happy with the resultant data set, even though it was not without problems…<br /><br />The next fall was mostly spent analyzing the various field data. Spring 2009 I finally started the actual work with laser data. I had written one LiDAR paper before, but then the laser calculations were made by the others, and I focused on modeling and writing. An unwritten rule in the Joensuu forest inventory research group is that every PhD student writes his/her own software for analyzing LiDAR point data, just to learn how it is done. Of course the results would come more quickly if we just used one of the existing implementations, but sometimes the process is more important than the result.<br /><br />The simultaneous programming/writing part took more than a year. The contents of the study evolved a lot during the process. The original idea of publishing also the aerial image results in the same paper was abandoned early on. Still, there were seven separate laser data sets and several methods of deriving the canopy cover from them (even after the LiDAR intensity variables were omitted). That would have been enough for a research paper, but I decided to also publish the results from hemispherical images in the same study. In my view some of the existing research papers had confusion with the field data: different field measurements were used but the results were still considered comparable. Often it seemed that the quality of field data was much inferior to the quality of the laser data. Now I had a chance to show that different field measurements are best modeled using different LiDAR metrics and models, so I decided to put it all into a single paper to give a clear view of my opinion.<br /><br />The manuscript became quite long, which could be the reason why two out of five reviewers gave up reviewing it. The completed reviews were mostly positive. Of course there were plenty of corrections and we had to decrease the length of the paper considerably (which of course made it better). But most importantly, I got my point through, and the final version has practically everything that I (currently) have to say about this issue. The paper came out in January, so the process took nearly five years! Hopefully it will find its audience.<br /></div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-79568527339507125302010-12-17T15:00:00.003+02:002010-12-17T15:09:22.131+02:00Busy times<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">I finally left my thesis for inspection yesterday – and today starts my long awaited Christmas holiday. So wrapping up the thesis summary really took the whole autumn. It is rumored that PhD thesis summaries have been written in a couple of days, and even in reality some of us manage to make it a couple of weeks. I started the summary already in June, so I had plans to finish the summary at latest in October. Then there would have been some time for free research. The free time diminished to just two days, but at least the work was finished before my 4-year <a href="http://wanda.uef.fi/metsatdk/gsforest/index.html">GSForest</a> scholarship ends at 31 December. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">How was the time spent then? Reading the literature. Recalculating some results that were presented differently in the sub-studies. Compiling the yet unpublished results. Writing – I decided not to copy-paste very much from the sub-studies, so most of the text is new. And finally, corrections. I was quite satisfied with the first draft, but the supervisor comments helped to make it much better. Still, there is at least one error in the submitted summary, and probably more that I’m not aware of. It is interesting to see what the pre-examiners find!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">Some time was also spent on other things, including the Silvilaser conference trip, teaching, seedling inventory project, and the last sub-study, which was happily accepted right before I returned the summary. So although the autumn was busy and the deadlines moved ahead several times, looking back now I think that it went quite well. But the next year will be even more interesting…</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">Happy holidays!</p>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-64232943502617119182010-08-19T10:35:00.004+03:002010-08-19T10:46:55.781+03:00Dreams about cables<div align="justify">Last week was a week full of cables that needed to be untangled in Hyytiälä. We spent so much time untangling hundreds of meters of cables that I started to have dreams where I was in the middle of a huge cable mess...<br /><br />What we were doing was setting up the PASTiS57 experiment together with <a href="http://www.avignon.inra.fr/">INRA</a> to monitor changes in boreal LAI from August to October (or November). The new instrument, PASTiS57, is an autonomous ground system with photodiodes facing 57° towards North in the blue spectral domain. The data will be used for phenology modeling and validation of biophysical satellite products. It is a pilot study, at least in the cold and wet conditions of the boreal zone, but we do hope to get an idea of how useful the system could be at our study sites.</div><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinDBBSVVyDR5nrGNH1D-YsV2t4T6cATfnmGtnN7tJtK8kqWdg7Fa1vnVUzjROG03OGOlAIdlRCPBz9vDpACi_dzrT3b248G7FRY6OEPm4dyo2nbVQjJUNhBqnONgY5MJtU5CpApTNMD9A/s1600/IMG_4220.jpg"><p align="center"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5507022630965279362" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 258px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinDBBSVVyDR5nrGNH1D-YsV2t4T6cATfnmGtnN7tJtK8kqWdg7Fa1vnVUzjROG03OGOlAIdlRCPBz9vDpACi_dzrT3b248G7FRY6OEPm4dyo2nbVQjJUNhBqnONgY5MJtU5CpApTNMD9A/s320/IMG_4220.jpg" border="0" /></a><em>Field work</em> ....</p><p><br /><br /></p><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixvZ-wRZ_2dFUGwrY4GY9080V-BGs_uMd1C3BZ-1zRp9jzw9aTVp6sCiOGH6dRIsPfA1IEi0P5eEFe8EyAasG9JCJo8YogJHtex6n8mciNbfbPxuTIZvgeUCWoH2KPGxy85Knn9F5EE7U/s1600/IMG_4211.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5507022625619266530" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 298px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixvZ-wRZ_2dFUGwrY4GY9080V-BGs_uMd1C3BZ-1zRp9jzw9aTVp6sCiOGH6dRIsPfA1IEi0P5eEFe8EyAasG9JCJo8YogJHtex6n8mciNbfbPxuTIZvgeUCWoH2KPGxy85Knn9F5EE7U/s320/IMG_4211.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> ... and 'office work'</em> <div align="justify"></div></div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-44487450437670169122010-07-23T10:21:00.006+03:002010-07-23T10:24:48.349+03:00Different summer<div align="justify">I’ve spent most of my summer sitting in the office, trying to finish all the pending jobs before the final push needed to complete the thesis. For the last weeks the entire building has been practically empty, except for a few exchange students, cleaning women and the secretary on duty. So in principle it’s a perfect time for undisturbed science. But in practice, summer seems to make concentrating even more difficult than usual. Normally the daily routines just flow on uninterrupted, but during the short summer there’s suddenly so much going on that your mind keeps on straying elsewhere. And in addition, the exceptionally hot weather certainly affects everyone. Is it the climate that makes northern people somehow appear more diligent than e.g. the Mediterranean? </div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">Good thing about the office work is that you don’t need to be in the forest. This summer I’ve had just two field days, supervising two students to start their seedling stand campaign two weeks ago. Seedling inventories are the worst of all forest measurements. The stands are often miserable thickets or barricaded with felled trees. It’s either too hot or too wet, and the horseflies and mosquitoes never leave you alone. For me two hot and moist days were enough, and since then it’s been much worse. Keep up the good work boys…</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">On the other hand, the temperature here in my room is still +27°C, which is not too bad when compared to last week. The computer also has a nasty warming effect. But the good thing is that the bosses are also away, so nothing can stop me from grabbing a bunch of articles and heading for the beach to read!</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2tiR4xe6UBtuBBUbGGeXD0xp5Y-WaANKVqOJJcla247_WkUrlVV1NJQWSvb0iq90IA5JF1rcJSsnyPU58DFqTIRnlQAANvJwhq0RnbSwfIz5juXzc7O3_AyMzT1aL6OKvCJ6jMzcGsJ0/s400/stacks.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5496998575390054450" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Dust scatters on stacks of paper.<br /></p><p></p>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-48403859541217705632010-06-04T14:29:00.010+03:002010-06-04T14:45:26.228+03:00Field campaigns are here again!<div align="justify">This year we are putting a big effort on measuring the seasonal changes of boreal forests. Our new research assistants, Titta and Anu, started their 5-month research tasks in the beginning of May. They will measure leaf area index and understory spectra every two weeks for different types of forests until the end of September. It will be a truly unique data set: to our knowledge similar experiments have not yet been carried out even though the data is crucially needed for developing methods to monitor the phenological cycles of forests using satellite images.<br /><br />In May, we also said goodbye to our visiting member, Petr, when his 8-month stay in Helsinki was over. His visit was very fruitful: we co-authored two journal papers and one conference paper, and are planning on writing a fourth paper!</div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">My next task is to prepare for the <a href="http://www.ieee-whispers.com/2010/?Welcome">WHISPERS conference </a>in mid-June in Iceland.</div><p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQ3c8qK4Vm7Y8MZvmE_tjVUS8Zw2Ojydf6SVeLOQIUBrdNvxg7Z1kaEljl6ZJHIuMq4xw3Am4iMFrj47A47GdZ4kzUWhNl1ho_2F9t63jJY56NDWus_pMSi_1TaJ24KKBfS5j0n_hG8U/s1600/torni.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478881327202414194" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 298px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQ3c8qK4Vm7Y8MZvmE_tjVUS8Zw2Ojydf6SVeLOQIUBrdNvxg7Z1kaEljl6ZJHIuMq4xw3Am4iMFrj47A47GdZ4kzUWhNl1ho_2F9t63jJY56NDWus_pMSi_1TaJ24KKBfS5j0n_hG8U/s320/torni.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Setting up a reference sensor in one of the Hyytiälä towers.</em></p><p><br /></p><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb3o56KoEkeHaxhSYr4R0iMqeGDRsN9zv0A0msRRpU5tzibd1RjaPVls-9D_g3z0SB_b8rNIOz7SgDmryqOHVsV7ylak9-PJM7NdXT2PpouT1LFoSohWoi4LoQkzXVxhBdooYMCVrZ4QU/s1600/metsaspektri.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478881172731269458" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 238px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb3o56KoEkeHaxhSYr4R0iMqeGDRsN9zv0A0msRRpU5tzibd1RjaPVls-9D_g3z0SB_b8rNIOz7SgDmryqOHVsV7ylak9-PJM7NdXT2PpouT1LFoSohWoi4LoQkzXVxhBdooYMCVrZ4QU/s320/metsaspektri.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Problems with the spectrometer?</em><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrMoRC9jvZM6nDDBPMO774flmin_CQRXdYcNCrexNHthI0cOq6VdCQ7Www-akUQT5lKCXbpmEew8GhdcKTbXKMnRzRx9bRnaQAlt3ixNv-_20byFMHa_3BX-e3PDbLbo5E54jYTnrS-E/s1600/lai2000metsa.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478881167621916770" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 257px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrMoRC9jvZM6nDDBPMO774flmin_CQRXdYcNCrexNHthI0cOq6VdCQ7Www-akUQT5lKCXbpmEew8GhdcKTbXKMnRzRx9bRnaQAlt3ixNv-_20byFMHa_3BX-e3PDbLbo5E54jYTnrS-E/s320/lai2000metsa.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Typical LAI-2000 measurements...</em><br /><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hIoeJcBbSTdmiwU9w3bo9OYDzJ2NcIDRuiMASTTTWsGa-Jkmd6y31torIhQ_f6PqQe0nJ4b6tlBDZfY6TSfChA8o1xg3KXxz5DHO9jNpqDc785xwDlMqRWDuND0NF9bdAgtMf11ABtw/s1600/jakalaspektri.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478881162125806978" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 232px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hIoeJcBbSTdmiwU9w3bo9OYDzJ2NcIDRuiMASTTTWsGa-Jkmd6y31torIhQ_f6PqQe0nJ4b6tlBDZfY6TSfChA8o1xg3KXxz5DHO9jNpqDc785xwDlMqRWDuND0NF9bdAgtMf11ABtw/s320/jakalaspektri.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Measuring the understory spectra of lichen-dominated forest floors.</em><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigHUBTbpIULdocNyodR1J_PPYKwEqiqSyugxgmyFNJhF4Ei_UUP0htbEkyPvzMXIVD4SvL7wkF_LZfS-sj5HtPNb6LuWI1Hk1D84sNyLvEEGRBh6Mko3ky1x94CUWczLHJt98llEonrLQ/s1600/uusikamerametsa.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478881158145202066" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 228px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigHUBTbpIULdocNyodR1J_PPYKwEqiqSyugxgmyFNJhF4Ei_UUP0htbEkyPvzMXIVD4SvL7wkF_LZfS-sj5HtPNb6LuWI1Hk1D84sNyLvEEGRBh6Mko3ky1x94CUWczLHJt98llEonrLQ/s320/uusikamerametsa.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> First lesson in fish-eye photography.</em><br /><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlGkhNQvOnR3QapaNpkuMWLbml6SR3CgSXEJC3VKh2ocAY5MXDki7lwDNoLYTOUPRyBKy8vE8A6sLln65ybdgc1oVTWaIEIDjAdqgwCb9njWYX8qNRyOvHQz7gCyomB2KUHbon8xE0CU/s1600/uusikamera.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478880895292766914" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 242px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlGkhNQvOnR3QapaNpkuMWLbml6SR3CgSXEJC3VKh2ocAY5MXDki7lwDNoLYTOUPRyBKy8vE8A6sLln65ybdgc1oVTWaIEIDjAdqgwCb9njWYX8qNRyOvHQz7gCyomB2KUHbon8xE0CU/s320/uusikamera.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Material excitement with a new hemispherical camera.</em><br /><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMNVR6j-mXvyeoQX-YJGasLCfTCak3riUL754L_KiSbgx8YSzHxQ56VyBv9nwfmCmAtLO_K2TbLJ6E_-_0CpQ3epCzGr1I9trtg7lYPxNVki9pVtfc-YXbn7ZQRvdFBAjFPbLlDRbTrI/s1600/futis.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478880755554956482" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 303px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMNVR6j-mXvyeoQX-YJGasLCfTCak3riUL754L_KiSbgx8YSzHxQ56VyBv9nwfmCmAtLO_K2TbLJ6E_-_0CpQ3epCzGr1I9trtg7lYPxNVki9pVtfc-YXbn7ZQRvdFBAjFPbLlDRbTrI/s320/futis.jpg" border="0" /></a> <em>First lesson with the ASD Fieldspec.</em><br /><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQImkyr_pOAENbbSGBZPyj7Z_BeASJL-IYYbUKhrj46C9r5wZ3kUsidmd_LyCmD_ChQKptbQxkJiWnCMY8PzG_26XSNuMC4kAQ-J5kLzAJ9HOXNVTN_YUVBEo7ILLtnsbLoqA7sOZDzI/s1600/pelto.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478880656343999042" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 250px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQImkyr_pOAENbbSGBZPyj7Z_BeASJL-IYYbUKhrj46C9r5wZ3kUsidmd_LyCmD_ChQKptbQxkJiWnCMY8PzG_26XSNuMC4kAQ-J5kLzAJ9HOXNVTN_YUVBEo7ILLtnsbLoqA7sOZDzI/s320/pelto.jpg" border="0" /></a><em> Setting up the LAI-2000 reference in an open field.</em><br /><div><br /><br /><p align="left"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUTUcrFhx2q6tBsWb8aMwHOLmn0ixOZIM1OxiGGHTaa63nMsD91e1NakZabxse5tX9mfvnHoy37tumfu8BNmS4AaKaYTZ4E0MIvNk2JHQudS7m-vdDS7tUdMxG-IdqoUlYrjTSpE8v074/s1600/savu.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478880103190217730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 223px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUTUcrFhx2q6tBsWb8aMwHOLmn0ixOZIM1OxiGGHTaa63nMsD91e1NakZabxse5tX9mfvnHoy37tumfu8BNmS4AaKaYTZ4E0MIvNk2JHQudS7m-vdDS7tUdMxG-IdqoUlYrjTSpE8v074/s320/savu.jpg" border="0" /></a></p><div align="center"><em>Good bye, Petr! We enjoyed our "last lunch" together in Savu.</em> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-9943290713631273052010-04-20T12:00:00.002+03:002010-04-20T12:05:22.217+03:00Looking for a new postdoc<div align="justify">We are seeking an enthusiastic postdoctoral researcher to join our research team based at the Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki in Finland from July, August or September 2010 until December 2011. </div><div align="justify"><br />The postdoc will work with monitoring seasonal and interannual changes in biophysical vegetation variables from medium- and coarse resolution satellite images covering boreal forests. The specific research task will be designed to fit the expertise of the selected candidate.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">For further information contact:<br /><a href="http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/~mxrautia/lai/rautiainen.htm">Dr. Miina Rautiainen, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;">Applications close on May 17, 2010.</span></div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-82143135299145504162010-03-16T21:32:00.013+02:002011-03-27T21:34:37.403+03:00Winter field work<div align="justify">Participating to the Snortex field campaign in Sodankylä, March 2010, sounded like a good idea: going to <st1:place>Lapland</st1:place> in the best holiday season, for some skiing and photography! I had been here earlier for some LAI measurements, and in the next winter a helicopter had targeted the plots with cameras and other instruments. We got the first results <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/1/4/1380/pdf">published</a>, but the problem was that it was difficult to hit the exact location of the plots. In addition, where deciduous trees exist winter LAI tends to be somewhat overestimated by summer measurements. So I volunteered to go there during the next winter campaign with my skis, find the plots with GPS and mark them with signs that could be seen to the air, and take hemispherical photos at the same time as the flights. </div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">In March weather here is usually nice, nights are cold but daytime weather should be really nice for skiing, sunny and a few minus degrees. That was the case when I arrived yesterday, but in the morning I didn’t believe the thermometer: -35°C! But the FMI website showed that it was true.</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 270px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7RTkYJVOvjoQsWwfc8hgnWVxYhxhLVUUFN2oFT1PfC1-rkn_oJRUwgncbIIxQ_iYZJjAfqvze2fEJVo1STTTgCuL12yvl-Zw-awEHysvNDI8U4GrywTEUk3nbx_lpcjTnlqK97n9OuJU/s400/morningweather.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449317940238280226" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify">I’m not exactly afraid of cold, but already at -20°C most skiing competitions are cancelled, as breathing the cold air heavily can damage your lungs. The snow researchers laughed at the frost and left for their daily measurements, but I decided to wait for the sun to warm the air a bit before taking the skis. Embarrassing, but I’ll rather ski in the evening: dark is not a problem but cold is. At <st1:time minute="30" hour="9">9:30</st1:time> the temperature had risen to -25°C, so I was out there too. And actually it wasn’t that bad, the Sun shone brightly all day and the snow just carried my weight on 250 cm skis. After a full day and some 15 km skiing, 28 plots had been marked and 7 photographed. Highlight of the day was certainly a 5 km ride back on a local guy’s car, who (after learning that I wasn’t a fox hunter) pitied me for having to ski such a long way…</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcLm3eU6i9nbZtWDfLv_IbeqY43daeQQbBHLngTsoJIUFDQL9aMZp_AJ8bQ6cQB6YdlScnz92HWsOy-0A_esdCL0X6NGdkTO4KTdOXQKtA-crt5QNJtNv0hXHXg84mUbgenA-pnFD6tv4/s400/x.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449318136957125586" /><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center">X marks the right place<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1EZYNNicNlnBodwH6MQLnTC21oQT5Lz_-XohF8CcGagc3mbOt-Rk4pE45Ep90JU8uHAFAiInqQ_MUPRYs-zrdO2WODzMW3pEPGjbyAim7hbz8MmZcE-n3klhB-Tlm7kHI35HylIGIF4s/s400/camera_twilight.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449318430700498242" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Twilight photography<br /></p>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-89906080779695747182010-02-12T09:53:00.002+02:002010-02-12T09:56:27.910+02:002010<div align="justify">For me this year will definitely be interesting. Since the beginning of January I've been working at a new university: <a href="http://www.uef.fi/uef/english">UEF</a>. Nevertheless, my office is the same as before, and the daily work has hardly changed at all. As usual, this kind of reforms cause some extra nuisance due to changes in computer systems and bureaucracy, but hopefully the benefits of combining two clearly distinct universities will appear sooner or later.<br /><br />What makes this year different is of course the fact that I should finally finish my PhD. Doctoral student's main job should of course be concentrating on the thesis research, but often time must be allocated to more pressing matters. These include, for instance, various side projects, cooperation with other researchers, seminars and seminar preparations, statistics courses, browsing the web, writing funding proposals, and reporting your progress. And I don't even have teaching responsibilities... The proposal and reporting parts feel the most like wasted time. Especially begging for funding seems to be the most discouraging part of a researcher's daily life, especially when your ideas are good and you work hard to make a good application, but the likely result is nothing.<br /><br />The above listing is of course meant to explain why finishing the last sub-study (laser scanning) has taken much longer than I expected. But now, I think I'll finally be able to focus on that more than anything else. Later in the spring the laser study must be put forward as it is, and the next phase includes writing the thesis summary and finishing the remaining compulsory studies. Everything should be ready in autumn. Easier said than done.<br /></div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-70804212343974420392009-12-30T16:36:00.001+02:002009-12-30T16:38:40.476+02:00New projects<div align="justify">The year 2009 was an intensive time for writing funding proposals in our group... and sometimes a nerve-wrecking time waiting for the decisions to be made.<br /><br />We were lucky this year. Funding was granted for two new projects for 2010-2012: "Vegetation Structure and Functioning from Imaging Spectroscopy" (PI: Matti) and "Seasonal Reflectance Changes of Boreal Forests" (PI: Miina).</div><div align="justify"><br />Action will start next week.</div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-28820342278883449812009-11-12T19:43:00.031+02:002009-11-12T20:24:46.303+02:00The art of canopy image processing<div align="justify">Since 2004, I’ve spent countless hours in taking and analyzing a special kind of photographs: skyward looking images that display tree crowns. Back in 2004 I managed to get a summer job at <a href="http://www.metla.fi/">Metla</a>, so I spent six weeks at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolanka">Puolanka</a> photographing tree crowns with a digital camera (back then it was not obvious that all cameras are digital). As a continuation project, I was hired to analyze the data: there were something like 1500 images, and emailed instructions how to analyze them with Paint Shop Pro. I needed to separate the sky and canopy pixels in the image so that the percent canopy closure could be calculated as the proportion of canopy pixels. Basically the job was a continuous torture for the keyboard and mouse (not to mention the analyst!), as most of the images needed some manual tuning before the conversion to binary format succeeded.<br /><br />In spite of all this, I ended up using similar data in my master’s thesis, which meant more of the same cake. In addition, I manually painted the small gaps inside the crowns crowns black so that proportion of between-crown gaps could also be derived. Having gained some hard-earned expertise in this area, I came to contact with Hannu Ilvesniemi, who was planning a large-scale inventory in which crown photographs should also be taken. Fine, but who would analyze all those images? Luckily that wasn’t me: Jaakko Heikkinen happened to work for Hannu at that time, and he knew how Matlab could be used to repeat automatically everything that I had done manually. I was not familiar with automated image processing back then, so it looked almost like magic how he could obtain the same results than I just by typing the name of program into the Matlab command prompt. The trick is actually quite simple – using just the blue RGB channel helps to get rid of problems with clouds and contrast, and an automatic algorithm can be used to select the threshold value consistently. Even better, Jaakko could also separate the between-crown areas automatically with morphological image processing operations. He implemented this all so that results ended up neatly in excel sheets without any human interference, and an additional check image was printed for every image so that any problems could be spotted just by browsing them.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="center"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 328px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyLr1yAiO-_ora2s7wVR1QGDU5gwIehVaHz7OeWGwR2qTWY44yGlkfuCyWYJiaoCkZIXdGVS5yqKmHBFcseAP6WV2cYMjwlPVz0OCbwYXJ_RlLhwAbDMfFb_UCZiGQ2gNOq8QGJt8omAs/s400/checkim.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5403275747222895410" /></div><p align="justify">I started to feel that we had done something worth publishing – we had a nice method of analysis, images, and validation data that showed a reasonable correlation. So just the work of putting it all to paper remained. Review process went through quite smoothly, so now you can read it all from <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/2009/00000055/00000004/art00004">this</a> article, download current version of our code <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/24314">here</a>, and everything should work out of the box. This study is really one of the most satisfactory things that I’ve been part of during my career as a canopy researcher – I know that I’ll never need to work with canopy images using such elementary methods as I did five years ago. And the story is not over –I still use different versions of the same code for different tasks, such as estimation of LAI from hemispherical or even aerial images. As a summary: a programmer is the master of the computer, whereas the end user of the software is more or less its slave. So all the students out there – take your programming classes, someday it’ll pay back.<br /></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="center"></p><p align="justify"></p><p></p>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-83139500773016079612009-09-16T09:29:00.001+03:002009-09-16T09:31:35.164+03:00Field work completed<div align="justify">Last week Eeva and I spent a few days in Hyytiälä. The four-month long field campaign is now over, and we have a good looking seasonal LAI time series to analyze (thanks to Eeva!).<br /><br />I had already forgotten how difficult it is to make LAI measurements in September (not to mention October). The sky is not uniform and the sun sets and rises 'too fast' - the time for making our measurements is very short each day and it seems that the campaign proceeds at a glacial pace. Anyway, we did get nearly everything we had planned done, and even had the time to eat a few blueberries when rushing from one plot to another.<br /><br />The trip was memorable for another reason too. The roads at the study site are horrendous, and I ended up driving into a rock and breaking the oil pan of my car. The roads of Hyytiälä now have an oil track for several kilometers... and my car was towed 25 kilometers to the closest car workshop.</div>Miinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097899604830343989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-6644366407290351872009-08-10T18:00:00.009+03:002009-08-10T19:23:25.635+03:00Two weeks in Boston<div style="text-align: justify;">Miina has already written about her visit to Connecticut for the Multitemp conference at the end of July. Actually, she was not alone in the US. We were traveling together from Helsinki to Boston and while Miina was visiting the town called Mystic, I was having a good time working on <span style="font-style: italic;">p</span> and having lunches with prof. Ranga Myneni. A large part of justifying the transatlantic flight was to meet the <a href="http://cliveg.bu.edu/index.html">Climate and Vegetation research group at Boston University</a>.<br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WI3tZ3Iave9VXmKuMOKsRZ21KCE_xaoPwIxRHfyacIKIThdq0_NoGJexukzoSczkDGM-PNla2wzvPSoOnfp_mITDXHqfVAjRdFL6nho7Ke50P-MzbTQL846Nor5gDPPOj0XC-6z3KSIn/s1600-h/boston_summer.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WI3tZ3Iave9VXmKuMOKsRZ21KCE_xaoPwIxRHfyacIKIThdq0_NoGJexukzoSczkDGM-PNla2wzvPSoOnfp_mITDXHqfVAjRdFL6nho7Ke50P-MzbTQL846Nor5gDPPOj0XC-6z3KSIn/s320/boston_summer.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368355528666263490" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Heat wave in Boston</span><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Boston was hot and tropical, air conditioning in BU was fierce, and welcome was warm. Thus, it was good two weeks. Eventually, prof. Yuri Knyazikhin also arrived from Spain and during the second week the theme of the visit closed in on the spectral invariant, photon recollision probability, or just <span style="font-style: italic;">p</span> for short.<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDFxGH2oo526nJTk-qyd7_NjD4NkR0SxraqWmX4U9WqwxiI9z0Q-luAuuw34U0Pd4vEPPw7RKkl_afiwp1MTGgw9Wpb7uA3A-vUxGySpE9qJQBwRq_decVA8MOA0nqPlMBkMAx-nQQVxs/s1600-h/matti_yuri.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDFxGH2oo526nJTk-qyd7_NjD4NkR0SxraqWmX4U9WqwxiI9z0Q-luAuuw34U0Pd4vEPPw7RKkl_afiwp1MTGgw9Wpb7uA3A-vUxGySpE9qJQBwRq_decVA8MOA0nqPlMBkMAx-nQQVxs/s320/matti_yuri.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368360721364682514" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Discussions with Yuri. The photo is misleading: it is actually me who is at a loss, not Yuri. I manage to hide my confusion well, but this is (as I have heard) a common side effect of talking to Yuri about the eigenvalues</span><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Spectral invariants: one of the hot spots of vegetation remote sensing. Everybody knows what they are, but I guess that only a few understand what they (or <span style="font-style: italic;">it</span>, in case there is just one spectral invariant) mean. I have some publications on the subject, but why the spectral invariant approach works so well has remained a mystery to me. I understand the idea behind using the eigenvalue and why the radiation field should be reasonably well approximated by the first eigenvector. Still, sometimes points fall on the line with magical accuracy, and not just for canopy absorption, but also for reflectance.<br /></div><br />The discussions we had with Yuri were fruitful, at least for me. I think I am a bit closer to some sort of an understanding. However, it will take some time before I can write this understanding down with sufficient accuracy.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">There some other good things about traveling besides meeting interesting people. It is often about the little things, like having morning coffee and a croissant in Paris during a six-hour change at CDG. Some praise for such an opportunity has to go to the global recession: our original flight from Boston to Paris was canceled and we had to take an earlier one. Thus, what is usually considered a nuisance can be turned into a possibility -- to be in Paris before the tourists wake up, sit on a terrace of a boulangerie in the Latin quarter surrounded by a haze in the head created by the time difference watching Parisians cleaning the streets and opening up their businesses.<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xEC-nQngYNrmQqndWGz3ZGj_1L9RiXptzb5XSrv90BigM6-bKLHWXSKQ-YxCSk4gO_BIFEkpJsagFZBPqAdgCSrALbG_YASajfkrN7AnD3R5mEnTq0qedWeDOTTF-4Y_Z3ORW6Y0MrmF/s1600-h/paris_closed.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xEC-nQngYNrmQqndWGz3ZGj_1L9RiXptzb5XSrv90BigM6-bKLHWXSKQ-YxCSk4gO_BIFEkpJsagFZBPqAdgCSrALbG_YASajfkrN7AnD3R5mEnTq0qedWeDOTTF-4Y_Z3ORW6Y0MrmF/s320/paris_closed.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368363946755024178" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Paris in the morning</span><br /></div></div><br />The jet lag, of course, had its revenge once we were back in Helsinki.mattihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10889785026310661579noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1138401516441200807.post-60405429913845285792009-08-05T14:31:00.016+03:002009-08-05T15:12:07.453+03:00Cajanus tube conquers Norway<div align="justify">I returned last Friday from Norway, where I participated my first ever field measurement campaign outside Finland. Svein Solberg from Skog & Landskap contacted us to ask if some <a href="http://laidetectives.blogspot.com/2008/02/cajanus-tube-demystified.html">Cajanus tube</a> experiments in Norway could be arranged. As Miina was busy with her travels, I volunteered for a substitute. And so after the usual flight and train travels I found myself in a farmhouse guest cabin, sitting nicely above a river valley near <a href="http://tinyurl.com/kr7jaq">Svarstad</a> in Southern Norway. And the river Lågen seemed to swarm with fisherman and salmon, wish I had known to bring my fishing tackle…</div><div align="justify"><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhujZLo_kRG0syZQfEhoxOj3SpDu9lnV1NZNi9A5m1BRI6t1dU8vRwO9-j7DDq5XUL8u75NFWsnK9ExLduHVk1N-EkokcC8tH6nUmh54ybxt_50X2vYchbr9gOY6dvqwKM1SeyUp6OKoOc/s400/landscape.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5366442485200290946" /><br />River landscape<br /><br />The plan for next days was to make some Cajanus tube measurements and compare results to terrestrial laser scans obtained from the same plots. So I headed to forest with the TLS team, and had some time to follow their work before Svein and others arrived to discuss how the measurements should be arranged. We decided to do very typical dot count sampling but record also gaps inside the foliage, which is more difficult than usual between-crown gap measurement.</div><div align="justify"><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwPwhquU3zsdhudAq4pW0EpAN5KSu_pk8sFaek9FfVhZkAFpj7fXIu6nwkN5uPl6jLRs6dOhSmbod4rYeoWp-vRWkNq6E6kNPnCYBpNa7qLjTprFDNgfvYpgK2NJLIafGd98aBGJ5VFwQ/s400/tls.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5366442711953414082" /></div><div align="justify">Terrestrial laser</div><div align="justify"><br />Following days were typical field work with small differences to Finnish conditions, like climbing up to 30 minutes before arriving to the plot, cow dung and sound of the bells in the forest, and a Norwegian Cajanus tube that was considerably sturdier than the Finnish ones. Norway spruce forests were quite similar to Southern Finland, except usually more sloping. Also the rain that hindered our attempts was a very familiar experience… All in all, even though the final plot result remained once again smaller than planned, the campaign was definitely a success: also Norway now belongs to the international Cajanus tube family.</div><div align="justify"><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBjqxecNmW9ozku2ODQKU1W2ijs8hTu4piLtEEFsGpO-CSIZrHRSvV70dVqyevqnCTAqTJPsm9efaApgs9I6XDvrYDbcTvxnb5rWY_DZmbVgtjd9TeIHpVI3ksmjEkl8TI1Uv0EpnrYLI/s400/tubes.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5366442942286458002" /></div><div align="justify">Two Cajanus tubes and an American implementation, GRS densitometer.</div>Laurihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05525328124457061766noreply@blogger.com1